The invention provides the use of a membrane comprising a support layer and an electrically conductive porous nanotube layer for generating power from water by pressure retarded osmosis. The electrically conductive nanotubes may be arranged in a mat, alternatively the electrically conductive nanotubes may be orientated with respect to the support layer. The electrically conductive nanotubes may be carbon nanotubes. The electrically conductive nanotubes may be single walled nanotubes and/or double walled nanotubes and/or multiwalled nanotubes. The electrically conductive nanotubes may be functionalised.

Composite materials comprise nanotubes and a polymer. The nanotubes and polymer interact in an ordered fashion at an interfacial region. The interface is crystalline or semi crystalline.

A process for the preparation of modified nanoclay in one case comprises the steps of providing an organoclay, dispersing the organoclay in a solvent or mixture of solvents and/or surfactant, providing nariotubes or nanowires, dispersing the nanotubes or nanowires in a solvent or mixture of solvents and/or surfactant, and mixing the organoclay suspension with the nanotube and/or nanowire suspension. The organoclays modified with nanowires or nanotubes provide nanoadditives, which have enhanced thermal stability and electrical conductivity properties. The nanoadditive may include an inherently conducting polymer such as polyaniline. Also provided are polmyer composites including the nanoadditive.

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A process for the preparation of a nanostructure composite material comprises the steps of adding a biological compound to an as-produced nanostructure material preparation to form a solution

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This invention relates to a process for purification of nanotube soot in a non-destructive and efficient method using a polymer having a coiling structure to extract nanotubes from their accompanying material without damage to their structure and with a high mass yield. Nanotube soot is added to a solvent which including a coiling polymer to form a solution. The solution is mixed and a nanotube composite suspension is formed with extraneous solid material such as amorphous carbon settling at the bottom of the solution. The nanotube composite suspension is decanted from the settled solid.

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